The contribution of J. Morozewicz to the investigation of the alkaline rocks of the Azov area.

Due to the comprehensive investigation of the alkaline rocks that constitute Oktyabrsky (former Mariupolsky) massif in the Azov area by J. Morozewicz at the beginning of the XX century, these rocks and the whole region became known worldwide. It was here that Morozewicz for the first time identified a new variety of nepheline syenite now known as mariupolite and a new mineral species - taramite. Morozewcz's refined formula for nepheline turned out to be that typical and most stable for this mineral in plutonic alkaline rocks. Later, nepheline of this composition became known as "Morozewicz's nepheline". Moreover, Morozewicz for the first time in Ukraine identified and analyzed beckelite and pyrochlore. He also discovered nepheline rocks and grorudite dikes in the basin of the Gruzky Yelanchyn River and carried out investigations in other regions of the Ukraine, e.g., in the area of the Teteriv River.

J. Morozewicz carried out his investigations (1898-1930) virtually at the same time or even earlier than those on alkaline rocks by other geologists in the Baltic shield (Alno complex) and the Urals (miaskites). These investigations made an important contribution to the petrology and mineralogy of alkaline rocks and made Morozewicz an eminent petrologist and mineralogist. Scientific papers and monographs by Morozewicz were published in Russian (1898-1909) and in German and Polish (1902-1930).

Descriptions of alkaline rocks (alkaline syenites, foyaites, mariupolites) and their minerals, published by Morozewicz, as well as their chemical compositions, were original and new; some were the very first findings anywhere (taramite, mariupolite). Among Morozewicz's other discoveries, beckelite proved to be identical to the earlier known mineral britholite, and fluotaramite to be identical to arfvedsonite.

It should be noted that Morozewicz studied the alkaline rocks of the Oktyabrsky (Mariupolsky) massif in comparatively few small natural outcrops. In later years, this massif (34 km2) was intensively explored by drilling. However the main rock varieties of the massif turned out to be no different from those that had been distinguished by Morozewicz - gabbros, alkaline syenites, foyaites, mariupolites and pegmatites (Yelisyeev et al., 1965; Kryvdik, Tkachuk, 1990).

Similarly, no essential additions were made to the list of minerals given by Morozewicz for the Oktyabrsky (Mariupolsky) massif. As an exception, the finding of kupletskite in mariupolite may be noted (Valter et al., 1965). Later, Mn-kupletskite and some other minerals new for the Azov area were found in alkaline metasomatites (fenites) recovered in a granite quarry near the village of Dmytrivka north of the massif (Litvin et al., 1987; Pekov et al., 1999).

Morozewicz distinguished and named phonolitic mariupolite (later classified as agpaitic phonolite) that is enriched in accessory and rare minerals. This rock contains eudialite and astrophyllite (Kryvdik, Tkachuk, 1988) as well as catapleite, hendricksite and cryolite, etc. (Sharygin, 2009). Moreover, the astrophyllite is enriched in Mn, i.e., belongs to the kupletskite variety, and contains a significant amount of zinc (< 8.0 % ZnO). It is worth noting that such a mineral identification could be carried out by means of a modern microprobe technique only whereas such facilities were absent in Morozewicz's time.

Many of the results of the investigations on alkaline rocks carried out by Morozewicz can be regarded as absolutely new and unique. For instance, mariupolite (Morozewicz, 1901) is a rather rare rock. Today, this type of rock has been reported from a restricted number of places, e.g., from the Pilanesberg alkaline complex (Africa) and from some alkaline massifs in Siberia.

The mineral taramite (Na2Ca ((Fe2+)3 (Fe3+,Al)2)5 [Al2Si6O22] (OH)2) identified by Morozewicz is also a rather rare mineral. Amphiboles of similar composition discovered after the publication by Morozewicz (1925) display strong enrichment in iron. The highest Mg/(Mg+Fe found in natural taramites is 0.30 (Deer at al., 1997); they belong to ferro-ferritaramites according to the modern classification. Probably, magnesiotaramites do not occur or are very rare in nature.

Morozewicz's nepheline has the composition (Ne68Ks22Q10) that is located on the break in the line of variations of the X-ray parameters (2?) of the crystalline lattice in the system Ne-Ks. Nepheline of such composition is the most stable (steady equilibrium) in plutonic alkaline rocks.

Recently, new massifs and small occurrences of alkaline rocks (Pokrovo-Kyriyevo, Chernihivka, Mala Tersa etc.) with varieties of rocks and minerals new to the Azov area have been discovered by drilling. (Yelisyeew et al., 1965; Glevassky, Kryvdik, 1981; Kryvdik, Tkachuk, 1990) However, the investigations of J. Morozewicz made in the first quarter of the last century still retain their significance.

References
Glevasskiy E.B., Kryvdik S.G. Precambrian carbonatite complex of Azov area. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1981. - 227 p. (in Russian)
Eliseev N.A., Kushev V.G., Vynogradov D.P. Proterozoic intrusive complex of East Azov area. - Moscow-Leningrad: Nauka, 1965. - 204 p. (in Russian)
Kryvdik S.G., Tkachuk V.I. Petrology of alkaline rocks of the Ukrainian Shield. - Kyiv. - Naukova Dumka. - 1990. - 408 p.
Morozevich I.A. About some extreme member of the eleolithic syenite-mariupolite assemblage and related rocks from Mariupol district. - Transaction of S.-Petersburg Miner. Society. - 1901. - v. 39. - P. 44-54. (in Russian)
Morozewicz J.A. Uber Beckelit ein Cero-Lantano-Didymo-Silicat vom Calcium // Bull. Inter. Acad. Sci. Cracovie. 1904. - ?10. - S. 485-492.
Morozewicz J.A. Uber einige Eisenalkaliamphibole // Tschermak. miner und petrogr. Mitt. - 1925. - Bd. 38 - S. 210-215.
Morozewicz J.A. Mariupolit i jego krewniaki. - Prace Pol. Inst. Geol., 1929, 2, z. 3, s. 221-350.
Morozewicz J. Der Mariupolit und seine Blutsverwandten // Miner. und Petrogr. Mitt. - Neue Folge. - 1930. - Bd.40. H. 5-6. - S. 335-436.
Sharygin V. V., Krivdik S. G., PospelovaL. N., Dubina A. V. Zn-Kupletskite and Hendricksite in the Agpaitic Phonolites of the Oktyabrskii Massif, Azov Region, Ukraine // Doklady Earth Sciences, 2009, Vol. 425A, No. 3, pp. 499-504.

Józef Morozewicz - scientist, teacher and organizer of scientific institutions

Marek Michalik1 & Wanda Wilczyńska-Michalik2

1 Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Oleandry 2a, 30-063 Kraków, Poland; e-mail: marek.michalik@uj.edu.pl

2 Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University, ul. Podchor±żych 2, 30-058 Kraków, Poland; e-mail: wmichali@up-krakow.pl

Józef Morozewicz was born in 1865 in Rzędziany in the Łomża district. After education in Łomża, he studied natural sciences at Warsaw University (1884-1889). He specialized in mineralogy and petrography under the guidance of Professor A. E. Lagorio. In 1887, he published his first scientific paper on the chemical composition of water and mud from a mud volcano in Emkale. He obtained his degree from Warsaw University, presenting a thesis entitled "Microscopic-petrographic characteristics of some Volhynian effusive rocks and Tatra granites". After graduation, he worked as laboratory assistant, assistant and curator of the Chair of Mineralogy at the University of Warsaw. During this period, he started his petrological experiments in collaboration with a glassworks in Warsaw. The results were published as "Experimentale Untersuchungen ueber die Bildung der Minerale in Magma" (1898).

In 1895, he took part in a geological expedition organized by F. Tsherniszev, vice-director of the Geological Committee in Petersburg (Russian State Geological Institute) to Novaya Zemla. After this initial collaboration, he was employed in the Geological Committee from 1897-1904. In this period, he studied rocks from the Azov Sea area, iron ores from Magnitnaya Gora in the Urals and copper ores from the Komandor Islands near Kamchatka.

In 1904, Morozewicz moved to Krakow. From 1904-1919, he was Head of the Mineralogical Department at the Jagiellonian University. He modernized the Department, buying new equipment and enlarging the Collegium Minus, the seat of the Department. He also attempted also to develop petrological experimental studies at the Jagiellonian University. Unfortunately, after 1919 when he moved to Warsaw, this field of study was abandoned.

During his period in Kraków, Józef Morozewicz was, together with group of scientist, miners, metallurgists and politicians, active in efforts to found a modern Polish mining school. From 1913-1921, he was the President of the Organization Committee of the Mining Academy (now AGH – University of Science and Technology) in Kraków. The Academy started its activities in 1919.

Soon after the end of the war, in 1919, the Polish Parliament decided to found the State Geological Institute. Morozewicz was very active in support of this idea. He was appointed Head of the Institute. He was responsible for its organization and was also the first Director (1919-1937). He organized the activities of the Institute in the fields of scientific research, prospecting, and publication of several series of journals.

As an academic teacher, Morozewicz became aware of the problem of a lack of Polish textbooks. He decided to translate and to adapt several basic textbooks in mineralogy, petrology and on the history of the Earth, e.g., textbooks by K. F. Peters, A. Geike, G. Tschermak and M. Neumayer). His translation and supplementation of the petrology textbook of H. Rosendusch and A. Osann (1937) was of fundamental significance for Polish students.

Józef Morozewicz published numerous scientific papers in Russian, Polish and German. In the memory of Polish geologists, he is renowned as an outstanding scientist, but also as an excellent academic teacher and organizer of geological institutions of major importance for the development of geology, ore prospecting and the mining industry in Poland.